As guiding suggestions for dealing with aging issues，The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a policy framework and action plan to promote “188bet app Aging” at the Second United Nations Conference on Aging in 2002。

Active aging is about promoting personal health、Social participation and public safety to improve the quality of life of the 188bet app。The word "positive"，Refers to the ability of the elderly to continue to participate in society、Economy、Culture、Spiritual and Civic Affairs，Not just staying physically active or participating 188bet app labor force。

WHO special emphasis，Since the definition of "health" includes the body、Three aspects of spiritual and 188bet app well-being，Therefore within the framework of active aging，Policies that promote mental health and 188bet app connectedness are as important as those aimed at improving physical health。For both individuals and policymakers，Maintaining self-188bet app and independence for older adults is a key goal。

There are three main types of 188bet app care models currently popular internationally:Home care, 188bet app care and institutional care.Among them, home care and 188bet app care are also called “Ageing-in-place”，i.e. by providing housing and 188bet app care facilities that meet the needs of older people，Helping seniors maintain their independence，Delay the time to enter a nursing home，Enable the elderly to enjoy their remaining years in a familiar environment。

Compared to institutional nursing care，“Retiring in place” because it can meet the requirements of “active aging”，It has also reduced the burden on public finances and has become a consensus strategy for countries and international organizations around the world。The construction of senior care communities is an important measure to achieve “188bet app care in place”。

2. American retirement 188bet app construction model

The United States has a developed economy，The elderly population is absolutely larger，Has extensive experience 188bet app construction of large-scale retirement communities。There are two main models of retirement community construction 188bet app United States，A type called "Active Adult Retirement Community" (AARC: Active Adult Retirement Community)，Another type is called "Continuing Care Retirement Community" (CCRC: Continue Care Retirement Community)。Currently, CCRC has received more attention from domestic academic circles，has also become the object of study for a large number of senior care real estate projects in China。And for AARC mode，Except for some documents introducing the early Sun City project，There are few studies on its recent development and intrinsic characteristics。

Active Active Retirement 188bet app (AARC) refers to a commercial residential project built to meet the retirement needs of healthy and active seniors。Their residences are only sold to senior citizens over the age of 55，Minors are not allowed to become permanent residents；Golf course provided 188bet app community、Tennis court、Swimming pool、Leisure clubs and many other sports、Entertainment facilities，Provide services to owners through membership system。AARC shapes an active retirement lifestyle，So it is also called "Leisure or Lifestyle Oriented Retirement Community"。

Since 1960 when Sun City, Arizona first marketed its retirement community as an “Active Adult”，AARC’s development model has achieved great success，Occupying an important market share 188bet app U.S. senior housing market for a long time。Currently，Some of the largest senior community development projects 188bet app United States，Such as the "Sun City" series of projects [Currently, more than a dozen Sun City series retirement communities have been built 188bet app United States，There are 3 large retirement communities exceeding 20k㎡，Respectively located in Arizona、California and Florida]，And the Florida Village Project to be introduced in this article，All retirement communities of this type。

Picture 2 188bet app population size and growth trend chart

2. Operation and management mechanism adapted to local conditions

Establishment of "188bet app Development Area"

The village spans three counties in central Florida - Sumter、Lake and Marion，Sumter County accounts for the majority。Local public services in Danqun Village are not provided by these three county governments，Instead, more than a dozen "188bet app Development District" (CDD: 188bet app Development District) local governments were established [local governments established under Florida's Uniform 188bet app Development District Act of 1980]，Aimed at helping 188bet app construction and development]，Provision includes public places、Local roads、Water supply, drainage and other infrastructure、Security (non-police matters)、Firefighting、Environmental sanitation and other public services。All matters of CDD are decided by a 5-member board of directors，The board of directors is elected by 188bet app residents。The public services provided by CDD are paid for by collecting real estate taxes and municipal utility fees from 188bet app residents，This money will be collected and paid by Quncun Development Company。

Advantages of 188bet app Real Estate Project

Most 188bet app homes currently for sale in Quncun are priced between US0,000 and US0,000 [Residences for sale in Quncun include both new and second-hand homes，The cheapest second-hand house sells for 10.USD 50,000，A few designer homes sell for million]，The average residential price from 2010 to 2014 is 22.USD 420,000。

Home prices 188bet app Villages are on par with some of the larger cities in Central Florida, such as Orlando、Gainesville, etc.) housing prices are comparable，But Quncun has advantages that ordinary residential real estate projects do not have:188bet app people who buy houses in Quncun can pay only 5% to 10% of the house price as a down payment，You can apply for a housing mortgage loan for the rest，The loan term can be up to 30 years，And there is no upper limit on the age of applicants。If not counting home mortgage loan，The average monthly cost of 188bet app for homeowners (including real estate taxes、Municipal utility charges、Recreational facility membership fee, etc.) is 4；,251 including mortgage loan。188bet app is for middle-class American seniors，is a relatively affordable housing cost。

Perfect exit mechanism

Quncun also provides a fairly complete exit mechanism。When an elderly person dies，Their houses and land can be inherited，But unless the heir is over 55 years old，Otherwise, you cannot live in Quncun for a long time。The development company provides second-hand housing rental and sales agency services 188bet app community，The owner can entrust the company to rent or sell the house。

Picture 4 Guncun Plan

The most important feature of AARC is that it provides a large number of leisure and entertainment facilities，Residents have unlimited access to these facilities after paying a certain monthly membership fee。Since "Sun City"，“Free” golf courses are important facilities used by the American AARC project to attract middle-class retirees。The golf course 188bet app village is not large，But there are many，Evenly distributed throughout the community，Meeting the requirement that all residents have access to the golf course，Provides a good view again。

In addition，There are also intensive community-level facilities 188bet app villages、Public entertainment centers at different levels such as group level and neighborhood level、A large number of different types of outdoor activity venues (Table 1)，and 13 parks offering picnic facilities、3 pet parks and 1 children's playground。

Table 1 188bet app activity centers and outdoor activity venues in villages

There are 3 commercial centers planned within Quncun，Each commercial center radiates several commercial streets around a small square，There are restaurants 188bet app shops along the street、Cafe、Bar、Clothing store、Bookstore、Home accessories store、pharmacies, etc.，Basically meet the daily needs of community residents。Every night，There will be bands performing 188bet app small squares of these three commercial centers。At the same time，There are also a large number of businesses gathered around the village、Service industry facilities，Major large supermarket chains 188bet app United States、Bank、Restaurants etc. all have layout。

3. 188bet app communities and market-based medical services are mutually beneficial

In order to reduce development costs，Early AARC projects generally did not build large medical facilities 188bet app community。But actually，Retirement communities where a large elderly population is concentrated and medical facilities that provide market-oriented services are mutually beneficial。Therefore，In recent years, many AARCs have cooperated with local governments，Provide medical facilities of a certain level and size to increase the attractiveness of the project。

There is a hospital in Quncun with 223 beds、Regional general hospital providing 24-hour emergency and surgery，There are also 5 basic medical care centers and 1 special medical care center。To meet the needs of some disabled elderly people，There are also a small number of nursing care apartments that provide medical care services for sale 188bet app villages，Elderly people who purchase nursing care apartments can receive professional paid 24-hour home care services。

4. Provide education for children of 188bet app company employees

Because there are basically no minors among the residents，So there are no primary and secondary education facilities in Quncun [there is a state charter school in Quncun that is independent of the public school system，Provides basic education from kindergarten to high school，But its service targets are not minor residents of Qun Village，But at least one of the parents is an employee of Quncun Development Company，Or children whose parents run businesses 188bet app village】，As a result, some taxes can be reduced。There is a "Lifelong Learning College" 188bet app village，Provide a variety of courses for residents to choose freely。

5. Friendly road design

Different from the general 188bet app，Pure separation of people and vehicles and internal transportation organization mainly based on walking are not suitable for large retirement communities。Opposite，A high-accessibility environment based on low-speed motorized transportation may be more in line with the travel needs of the 188bet app。

Residents in Quncun generally use golf carts as a means of transportation，This car uses oil/electric hybrid power，You can drive without a driver’s license，Can reach any corner of the 188bet app "door to door"，Including business center、Public Recreation Center、Medical facilities, etc. (Picture 4)。

At the same time，There are also sightseeing buses running in Quncun 188bet app，Mainly serving visitors。The internal roads in Quncun do not exclude ordinary motor vehicles，But the speed must be controlled below 10 miles/hour (16km/hour)。

Although it is a mixed traffic of people and vehicles，But the road design is still pedestrian-friendly，The two-way 2-lane cross section allows pedestrians to cross the street easily，And there are wide sidewalks on both sides。On working days，Sumter County Transit System provides bus service to villages，But based on American tradition，Quncun’s external transportation still mainly relies on private cars，There are several interstate highways and county roads that pass through the 188bet app and lead to various nearby cities。

Picture 4 Golf Cart in 188bet app

6. Mixed land use

For the AARC program that emphasizes “active retirement living”，Mixed land use in line with the development concept of New Urbanism is a crucial point in 188bet app planning。Through mixed land use planning and high accessibility transportation networks，The residential areas 188bet app community are closely connected with various public facilities，Provides a platform that is conducive to social interaction、Compact urban space。In addition，Continuous street interface、Humanized street scale、Rich public spaces、Exquisite outdoor landscape and other good urban design，It also makes Quncun more in line with the aesthetic needs and appreciation standards 188bet app American middle class (Picture 5)。

Strictly restrict 188bet app’ check-in age

The biggest innovation of the AARC project in 188bet app development is its age limit。Gun Village Regulations，Only people over 55 years old can live in this community for a long time，Visitors under the age of 19 must not stay for more than 1 month per year。Although this provision has exposed the AARC project to much criticism，Believe that this kind of community has artificially set up barriers to intergenerational communication，Cannot meet the needs of emotional communication between the elderly and their children and grandchildren，But the market research before the AARC project was launched showed that，Old people welcome children and grandchildren to visit、Stay for a while，Then he wanted them to leave，Leave yourself a clean space。The continued success of this type of project 188bet app U.S. retirement housing market is a testament to this。

188bet app class and race consistent

The consistency of social class and race in Quncun is also very prominent。2014，98 people live in Quncun.2% are white；Average annual household income ,708，There are only 4 poor people.7%；Population with high school education or above accounts for 94.9%，35 are college or above.7%。Similar situations also occur in other representative AARC projects，Although many AARC 188bet app have struggled to attract people of different classes and colors，But middle-class white 188bet app are still the main customer group of this type of project。Actually,From the perspective of public economics，The richer the types of quasi-public goods provided 188bet app community、The higher the quality，The higher the requirement for residents’ social class consistency，Because everyone must be willing to buy high-quality and high-priced public services。Therefore，AARC’s membership-based public facilities service system，Fundamentally determine the highly consistent social characteristics of 188bet app residents。

2. A high degree of 188bet app autonomy

Quncun is a highly self-organized 188bet app。In addition to the "188bet app development area" local governments mentioned above，Residents also established two civil organizations-the Real Estate Owners Alliance and the Village Owners Alliance。

At the same time，Development companies and residents jointly establish and operate their own local media，Including website (188bet app News Network)、Newspaper ("188bet app Daily Sun")、Radio stations and CCTV, etc.。

In addition，The development company also regularly publishes special publications on community entertainment activities，Detailed information on the schedule of activities at all public recreation centers，And club activity time organized by residents themselves、Where and what。Establish and join various clubs、Carrying out rich social activities is a way of life for Quncun residents，According to incomplete statistics，The number of clubs organized by residents 188bet app villages has reached more than 600。

Although the villages are self-contained，But there are also rich connections with external society。Quncun residents actively participate in American political activities，It has been the "vote base" 188bet app Republican Party in all presidential elections，So much so that many senior American politicians visited the village in person for election purposes。

The high degree of community self-organization and social participation has created a strong sense of identity and belonging among village residents，This is an important experience for the success of many famous AARC communities 188bet app United States。

The AARC model is deeply related to the cultural background of suburbanization of the American middle class and the independence of children，There are certain differences between China and the United States in these aspects。In China，The 188bet app and their children in life、Deeper emotional interdependence，Also more common。But it does not rule out that some 188bet app people will gradually grow up with their grandchildren、When you are in good health，Want to stay away from the crowds and pollution of the city，Pursue more fulfillment among the green mountains and green waters、Desire for an active retirement life。

AARC mode provides such a possibility，While filling the gap 188bet app construction of senior care communities in China，It has also made China's retirement housing market increasingly segmented and developed into increasingly complete。

Of course，When we learn from the AARC model, we must also modify it according to China’s national conditions，For example, cancel the age limit and residence time limit for visitors、Increase medical 188bet app facilities、Changing the planning form of residential areas、Increase residential population density、Explore public service facility configuration standards, etc.。But as the core 188bet app AARC model，Providing a large number of recreational facilities should be the focus of our study。

2. China’s retirement 188bet app construction model and spatial layout

Learn from practical experience 188bet app construction of retirement communities 188bet app United States，Comprehensive consideration based on China’s national conditions，The author believes that the construction models and spatial layouts of retirement communities in China mainly include the following。

Age-appropriate renovation of ordinary urban residential areas

General residential areas 188bet app current city，With the gradual advancement of aging, some communities will naturally become the majority of the elderly population。These residential areas should be retrofitted to suit the aging needs，Build some aging-friendly supporting facilities inside residences and community public places，Increase old and young residence、Senior apartments or buildings, etc.。These residential areas support multi-generational mixing，It is more consistent with the habit of young and elderly people in China (60~70 years old) to take on household chores such as taking care of grandchildren for their children，Therefore, there will be long-term stable market demand。

A 188bet app city on the edge of a metropolitan area

Counties and cities with better natural environment on the edge of metropolitan areas，We can consciously plan and build a number of large-scale comprehensive retirement communities，Form an 188bet app city with a mainly 188bet app population。The construction model should be based on AARC，CCRC is supplemented。

Actually,AARC and CCRC are essentially communities dominated by 188bet app residents，Just a focus on providing activity facilities，A facility that focuses on providing medical care，188bet app people can freely choose where to live based on their own health conditions and needs at different life stages。

AARC and CCRC can be deployed adjacently to share common resources。The residents attracted by the Senior City are mainly local retirees who want to stay away from urban pollution and crowded environments，Although they and their children do not live together，But still interact frequently。Therefore, senior cities must maintain convenient transportation links with the core of the metropolitan area，So that children can visit at any time。At the same time，The senior city should have its own commercial center and public activity center，And provide a compact urban environment with mixed functions and highly accessible motorized transportation to facilitate the travel of the 188bet app。

Retirement + resort 188bet app in a scenic tourist city

In a suitable climate、A scenic tourist city with superior natural environment，Some "retirement + vacation" type communities can be built。These communities attract residents mainly from all over the country，Even healthy and active elderly people all over the world who pursue high-quality retirement life，So its construction mode is mainly AARC mode。Children generally do not move with them，But mainly short-term visits。188bet app process of building this type of community, attention should be paid to guiding residents to change from a migratory bird living model to a year-round living model，For this purpose, we must first provide high-quality public service facilities，Secondly, we need to pay attention to building community social networks based on geographical and subcultural circles。

3. Issues that need attention 188bet app construction of retirement communities in China

Site selection and scale

Many literatures on retirement communities have recognized the comprehensive retirement community construction model with elderly residents as the main body，However, there are still many concerns about keeping the elderly living separately from other age groups，Thinks that the size of retirement communities should be limited，And mixed layout with ordinary communities 188bet app city。

The AARC project represented by Quncun is a large community with strict age restrictions。Actually,Quncun has developed into an elderly city on the edge of a metropolitan area。Shop、Supermarket、The owners and customers 188bet app restaurant are elderly，The bustling crowd on the street、Playing cards and chess 188bet app entertainment center、Playing ball and swimming on the activity ground、The people walking dogs and picnicking 188bet app park are all elderly people。Here，Self-service for the elderly、Self-management，Young people only serve as subordinates、Auxiliary function，Only in hospital、Bank、Young people can only be seen in some positions that are not suitable for the elderly, such as municipal administration。The consistent age structure and certain population size of AARC 188bet app residents create a utopia with the elderly as the mainstream social group。

By 2050, China’s 188bet app population will account for 1/3 of the total population，About 4.300 million~4.500 million people。188bet app future Chinese society，The elderly are not a marginalized group 188bet app traditional sense、Vulnerable groups，They are the mainstream society。Because a homogeneous group of people reaching a certain scale helps form the perception of a "mainstream social group"，Therefore, the construction of retirement communities should not be limited by scale。and，Large-scale retirement communities can meet the threshold population required for high-end service facilities，Contribute to the construction of commercial service centers and public activity centers，Thus increasing the diversity of the urban environment and increasing its attractiveness。As for the transportation organization issues within larger communities，Efforts should be made to improve the mobility of the 188bet app，Instead of using "walkable" transportation modes to limit the activities and scope of activities for the 188bet app。

In addition，The lifestyles of the elderly and young people are completely different，With the increase 188bet app absolute number and proportion of the elderly population，They will also have more and more conflicts with young people over the use of space，For example, disputes over space rights between square dancing aunts and college entrance examination students may occur from time to time。Separating the layout of retirement communities and general communities may be an effective way to solve this problem。toA senior city with a predominantly 188bet app population，Since there is no need to consider commuting to job centers，It can be deployed at the edge of metropolitan areas for a better environment、Areas with cheaper land prices。

Supporting 188bet app and social network construction

Existing discussions on senior care communities in China focus on providing services that the elderly need for basic living，such as shopping、Dining、Life care, etc.，Pay special attention to medical care facilities，Recreational activity facilities are generally limited to community elderly activity centers。At the same time，188bet app practice of building a retirement community，CCRC projects are highly praised by senior care real estate companies。But，188bet app communities that focus on providing basic living services can only meet low-level needs such as people’s physiological needs and safety needs，And the social needs of people、Higher-order needs such as esteem needs and self-actualization needs are powerless。Old people will not no longer have these higher-order needs just because they grow older，Opposite，The 188bet app need more respect from the outside world、Affirmation and emotional support。

The experience of 188bet app shows thatRecreational activities are the main part of the retirement life of a considerable number of healthy 188bet app people，At the same time，Active participation in cultural and recreational activities is also an effective way for them to build new social networks。For retired seniors，The social relationship network based on karma 188bet app past is no longer dominant，The social network based on kinship in traditional society is increasingly weakened 188bet app modern society with low birthrate，Therefore，188bet app networks built based on geography and "circle" culture are becoming increasingly important。The elderly 188bet app village come from all over the world，They spontaneously founded more than 600 clubs based on their respective interests and hobbies。These clubs form the basis of the social network 188bet app village - a kind of relationship that transcends blood、Ye Yuan’s geo-subcultural social network。

When China’s aging population reaches its peak in 2050，The majority of healthy and active elderly people aged 60 to 70 are the generation who adopted the family planning policy 188bet app 1980s and 1990s，Their blood relationship has less ties，188bet app process of its growth, the "circle" culture has become increasingly popular，There is a need and possibility to build this kind of geo-subcultural social network。Therefore，The construction of China’s retirement communities needs to pay more attention to providing a variety of cultural and entertainment facilities，And fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the elderly to participate in various social activities，Help them build a social network。Active retirement life、Rich social activities will help the elderly stay healthy、Upward mental state，It is also helpful to improve the physical health of the elderly。