1. Phenomenon: Regional differences in ticket prices for 188bet best bookmaker

Following the release of "About Improving the Ticket Price Formation Mechanism for State-owned Scenic Areas" in June 2018 After Guiding Opinions on Reducing Ticket Prices for Key State-owned Scenic Areas，On March 14, 2019, the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to as the "National Development and Reform Commission") issued the "Notice on Continued and In-depth Promotion of Lowering Ticket Prices in Key State-owned Scenic Areas"，Request wider range、Intensify efforts to promote ticket price reductions in key state-owned 188bet best bookmaker，The price has been reduced for 2018，But the price reduction is not enough、188bet best bookmaker where problems such as high pricing and large discounts are still prominent，To promote further ticket price reductions。Compared to other countries，my country’s scenic spot tickets account for a relatively high level of residents’ per capita monthly income，Yellowstone Park, USA、The Louvre, France、Tickets for most 188bet best bookmaker represented by Mount Fuji in Japan are generally less than 1% of the national per capita monthly income。The per capita disposable monthly income of Chinese residents in 2018 was 2,352 yuan，There are not a few tickets for key state-owned 188bet best bookmaker that cost more than 100 yuan (National Bureau of Statistics，2019）。Some people often use the ticket price of Disneyland in the United States to argue that tickets to domestic 188bet best bookmaker are not expensive，But this is not comparable，Disney is “making something out of nothing”，Built with corporate investment，Purely market behavior。Comparable to Yellowstone Park in the United States，Yellowstone Park charges for a 7-passenger car (it was when the author visited in 1996)，Less than per person，And one ticket can visit Yellowstone Park and Grand Teton National Park for 7 days at the same time。High ticket prices are regarded as an important factor restricting the development of domestic tourism，Reducing fares has always been an important part of the sustainable development of the tourism industry，But it seems that the situation is still difficult to improve。

The author compiled the ticket prices after price reductions in 2018 for representative key 188bet best bookmaker on the World Heritage List in China or developed in recent years，I found that the high ticket prices are not common in all key 188bet best bookmaker across the country，Obvious regional differences。Compared to the developed eastern regions，Tickets for 188bet best bookmaker in underdeveloped areas remain high even after price reductions at the urging of the National Development and Reform Commission，The situation of "one order is difficult to carry out" is more obvious in remote and underdeveloped areas。Compare multiple zero-ticket attractions located in developed areas in eastern my country，Tickets for key 188bet best bookmaker in the central and western regions are still over 100 yuan after price reduction，Some scenic spot tickets plus necessary scenic spot transportation have exceeded 300 yuan (Table 1)。

Behind the high ticket prices is the typical "ticket economy" in my country's 188bet best bookmaker，For example, the pure ticket economy in Zhangjiajie accounts for more than 60% of the total revenue (Zhangjiajie Tourism Group Co., Ltd.，2019）。The source of the "ticket economy" of many enclosed 188bet best bookmaker is not limited to ticket sales，There is also passenger transportation service in 188bet best bookmaker (including shuttle bus、Ropeway, etc.) income，Although the latter is also the leader in revenue，But it is not part of the price reduction required by the National Development and Reform Commission。As shown in Table 1，The price of intra-regional passenger transportation in many 188bet best bookmaker is close to or exceeds the ticket price，And became the most profitable business in the scenic spot。For example, the profit from the ticket business of Mount Emei Scenic Area in Sichuan in 2017 is 1.5.4 billion yuan，The profit of the passenger ropeway business reaches 2.1.5 billion yuan，Gross profit margin reaches 74.01% (Emeishan Tourism Co., Ltd.，2017），Significantly higher than ticket business。Also，Some tourist areas with relatively flat terrain often use the banner of "protecting the environment" and "safety for tourists"，Deliberately build the visitor center in an area far away from the attractions，Making taking shuttle bus a must for tourists。Tourists entering Kanas, Xinjiang must purchase high-priced section tickets at the tourist service center about 29 kilometers away from the transfer center of the scenic area，You can only enter the scenic spot by taking a shuttle bus。This approach of doing everything possible to improve ticket economy is not uncommon in our country, especially in 188bet best bookmaker in the central and western regions。

Some national treasure-level 188bet best bookmaker with limited space (such as the Palace Museum)，Unable to withstand the load-bearing pressure caused by reduced or free tickets，This has also become the "excuse" for some 188bet best bookmaker to increase ticket prices in the past few years。There is indeed a negative correlation between the number of tourists and the level of tickets，But in practice, the price elasticity of tickets is often not large。A famous scenic spot in central China that enjoys the western policy，Hearings were held to raise ticket prices，The reason for the price increase is to control the number of tourists and protect the scenic spot。After the ticket increase，The number of tourists in the scenic spot has not decreased，It is still increasing year by year。Some experts believe that tourists are in the process of traveling when justifying high ticket prices，It costs so much for air tickets and accommodation，A ticket worth a few hundred yuan is nothing？The experts in these arguments are often not the people who buy tickets。Another example is the Forbidden City，If the ticket price is increased from 60 yuan to 100 yuan，The change in the number of tourists in the scenic spot will not be too big。Control the number of tourists in 188bet best bookmaker，A more effective way is to adopt a ticket quota reservation system，For example, the Potala Palace in Tibet adopts measures to limit the sale of 2,300 tickets per day，That is, cultural heritage is effectively protected，Controlling the number of tourists cannot be used as a reason to increase prices。

Most of the key state-owned 188bet best bookmaker are national-level 188bet best bookmaker (equivalent to national parks in the United States)，This is a public good，Not an ordinary product。It has monopoly based on the uniqueness of resources，Can’t say “just enter the market，The ticket price issue should be treated according to the laws of market economy”。Our country’s key 188bet best bookmaker have always implemented the principle of territorial management，Local Government，Especially in areas with relatively underdeveloped economies, governments act in their own interests，Often adopt high ticket strategy。The National Development and Reform Commission, on behalf of the country, requests to reduce tickets，It is a top-down correction to the excessively high ticket prices under the past territorial management system，It can also be considered as a preliminary work for the future implementation of the national park management system。The legitimacy lies in the fact that the state manages natural resources for the benefit of all citizens。Article 9 of my country’s Constitution stipulates: “The state guarantees the rational use of natural resources，Protect precious animals and plants。It is prohibited for any organization or individual to appropriate or destroy natural resources by any means”。Therefore，The state’s ownership of natural resources is not actually a right，But power。From the perspective of the purpose of creating the national property system，This power is management power，Achieving public welfare through management of natural resources。In this sense，State-owned 188bet best bookmaker are essentially public goods (Zuo Bing，2018）。

The National Development and Reform Commission’s push to adjust ticket prices for key state-owned 188bet best bookmaker should be supported，This is one of a series of measures to resolve "the principal contradiction in our society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development"，It is also to force the 188bet best bookmaker to get rid of their dependence on the "ticket economy"，Promote local transformation to "industrial economy"。

Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area has canceled tickets for 188bet best bookmaker around the lake since 2002，Driving the tourism development of the entire Hangzhou，Achieve more than 4 times tourism revenue。Reducing tickets is a national strategy，But judging from the intensity of price reductions in most 188bet best bookmaker，The local willingness to reduce prices in 188bet best bookmaker is relatively low，Especially in some 188bet best bookmaker with high social attention, the decline is generally small，Why there are regional differences in ticket pricing and price reductions？Why is it more common in remote areas with underdeveloped economies that it is difficult to reduce ticket prices without a single order？

2. Regional differences in 188bet best bookmaker development models

The regional differences in tickets are first related to regional differences in tourism development。Different levels of economic development，There are also big differences in the logic of tourism development。Using Friedman’s “core-periphery” theory to look at my country’s regional development，Underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions as "marginal" areas，Lack of funding compared to “core” areas、Talent、Knowledge Technology、Innovation and other important production factors，In the process of globalization, it is often difficult to rely on these production factors to transform traditional industries or develop high value-added modern service industries (Bao Jigang，2014）。The tourism industry has low entry barriers、Strong resource orientation，It often becomes a better choice for regions with monopoly tourism resources to strive for capital inflow and development opportunities，For example, Kanas 188bet best bookmaker Area in Xinjiang、Tibet Brahmaputra River Canyon, etc.。Also，Compared to "core" areas with diverse industrial structures，Tourism often plays an engine role in the economic development of peripheral areas。But compared to developed regions, the development of tourism is a matter of course，Developing tourism in underdeveloped and remote areas is more like going in alone。This type of area is located on the edge of the core，In order to introduce customers、Funds and Talents，While developing tourism, it is often necessary to improve supporting facilities for tourism development，such as basic transportation facilities、Municipal public facilities、Catering and reception facilities, etc.。This type of infrastructure has a large amount of investment、Long return period、And the characteristics of low return rate，It is often difficult to attract industrial capital，Therefore, it can only be invested and constructed by local governments or state-owned enterprises。Except for some financial allocations，Local governments and government-enterprise cooperative development companies must use financial funds、Obtain investment funds through loans and other methods，In addition to paying greater management costs, you also need to bear greater financial pressure。Compared to developed regions with diverse industrial structures，The cost of investment in tourism in remote and underdeveloped areas is much greater。

3. Differences in fiscal revenue under the existing 188bet best bookmaker system

In the regional differences in ticket economy，Another important reason is the difference in tax structures in different regions。Tax revenue is the power of local governments to fulfill their duties、The basis for providing public services。The "core" areas have a higher degree of economic development，Diversified industrial structure，Mature economies of scale；Relatively speaking，The above-mentioned “marginal” areas with tourism as the leading industry，Subject to location、Message、Obstructed by factors such as resources，The economic development model is relatively simple，The scale of economic development is small and the efficiency is low，This creates the problem of a smaller tax base and a single source of tax revenue in “peripheral” areas。Look at the regional differences in tourism-related taxes，Underdeveloped areas are less mature due to economies of scale，Except for 188bet best bookmaker companies，It is often local small and micro enterprises that participate in tourism operations。my country has a number of preferential tax policies to support the operation of small and micro enterprises at the central and local levels: the Ministry of Finance stipulates a business tax for monthly turnover of 20,000 to 30,000 yuan (quarterly turnover of 60,000 to 90,000 yuan) Taxpayers are exempt from business tax (Ministry of Finance，State Taxation Bureau，2014）。Some areas support the development of small and micro enterprises，Continuously adjust the business tax threshold，For example, in 2017, Yangshuo once again increased the annual taxable income limit of small and low-profit enterprises from 300,000 yuan to 500,000 yuan (Yangshuo State Taxation Bureau，2017）。Also，Tibet and other western regions also provide preferential tax rates to domestic and foreign-funded enterprises in local encouraged industries，Unified implementation of the 15% corporate income tax in the Western Development Strategy from 2011 to 2020，Among them，Some key supported projects can also enjoy a five-year exemption from corporate income tax (People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region，2014）。This type of small and micro enterprises that enjoy tax exemptions and exemptions covers catering in the tourism industry、Accommodation、Transportation and other aspects。Subject to issues such as the quality of the local population and corporate legal awareness，The obstacles to reasonable taxation are also relatively large，It is also difficult for tourists to reasonably collect taxes on many of their purchases in 188bet best bookmaker。

The financial pressure on local governments needs to be balanced through fiscal revenue。Currently，my country’s ownership of 188bet best bookmaker built relying on public resources、Management rights and income rights belong to the local government，Only the ownership of a few 188bet best bookmaker such as the Forbidden City、Management rights and income rights belong to the central government，Therefore, part of the ticket revenue belongs to local government’s non-tax revenue。Non-tax revenue as extra-budgetary revenue can generally be freely used by the government，Used for investment in infrastructure, etc.。Also，The value-added tax on ticket sales and tourist attraction revenue is also a relatively stable and guaranteed tax revenue for local governments。

Therefore，Under the premise that the tax source is single and unstable，The governments of tourist cities in “marginal” areas will have high hopes for the 188bet best bookmaker economy，Its dependence on the 188bet best bookmaker economy is also higher than that of developed regions。

actually，In developed countries with relatively complete tax systems，A mature system has been established for the definition of tax rates and consumption taxation。For example, each province in Canada can determine its own provincial tax rate，And write the determined tax rate into written law。And local restaurants、Quotations from service providers such as hotels are pre-tax quotations，The final total consumer price must also include the tax payable multiplied by the pre-tax price。The consumption tax method clarifies the amount of taxes payable by tourists，Realized complete taxation of various consumption activities during 188bet best bookmaker，Thus ensuring the government’s reasonable tax revenue。

The financial capacity of each locality is the local government’s ability to perform its duties、The basis for providing basic public services，If the local government can obtain sufficient fiscal revenue through normal taxation，To satisfy urban construction、Social welfare and other needs，Naturally, we will not use the resources of 188bet best bookmaker to increase ticket prices。In the face of public criticism of high ticket prices and national-level supervision，The local government also hopes to achieve tourism transformation as soon as possible。But for 188bet best bookmaker in underdeveloped areas，If the government cannot obtain reasonable subsidies，Extended tax sources，If only the 188bet best bookmaker reduce ticket prices，The situation of false price reduction will still continue。

4. 188bet best bookmaker in travel rebate incentives

For travel agencies and many OTA platforms，High tickets also mean high rebates，This is related to the enthusiasm of travel agencies in organizing groups and OTA promotions。In the destination of the 188bet best bookmaker spot shown in Table 1，Beijing、Shanghai、The urban functions undertaken by developed cities such as Hangzhou are relatively diverse，has strong centripetal effect，And there is a large flow of people，Less dependent on travel agencies；And Tibet、Xinjiang、Remote destinations such as Yunnan have monopolized tourism resources，But because it is far away from the core population area，The flow of people is relatively low，Tourism development relies relatively heavily on travel agencies。On the premise of ensuring a balance of income and expenditure，The 188bet best bookmaker spot is in order to attract more group tourists，Also have to maintain high ticket prices to meet the rebate needs of travel agencies。Tourism rebates have accompanied China’s tourism development for decades，It has become a tacit unspoken rule among industry practitioners。Yunnan Province stands out among many remote destinations，In addition to possessing monopolistic tourism resources，It is also inseparable from the driving role of travel agencies under the incentive of huge shopping rebates。In the past few years，There are repeated incidents of travel agencies using low-priced tours as a pretext to induce tourists to shop and increase self-funded attractions to obtain kickbacks，It is enough to see the great incentive of travel rebates for travel agencies to organize groups。Therefore，For remote and underdeveloped areas，If you cannot attract enough traffic，The cycle of high fares remains difficult to change。

5. Discussion

The fundamental reason for the regional differences in 188bet best bookmaker spot tickets lies in the differences in regional economic development，“Fringe” areas can only choose tourism to break through in the restructuring of globalization，As a result, the cost of developing tourism is higher than that of developed regions。Under the current tax system，Relying on normal tax revenue cannot make up for the local government’s financial expenditure on tourism，The ticket economy was born in this context and will continue to exist。Can we make a judgment: As long as the "marginal" areas still have tourism as the single leading industry，The tax system is not perfect，Regional differences in 188bet best bookmaker spot tickets will continue to exist。

"On Improving the System and Mechanism for Promoting Consumption" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in September 2018 Several Opinions on Further Stimulating Residents’ Consumption Potential” proposed the need to “improve fiscal, taxation, financial and land supporting policies”，That is: improving the consumption policy system，Further study and formulate policies to encourage and guide residents’ consumption。Promote consumption 188bet best bookmaker legislation。Promote personal income 188bet best bookmaker reform，Reasonably increase the basic deduction standard for personal income 188bet best bookmaker，Appropriately increase special additional deductions，Gradually establish a comprehensive and classified personal income 188bet best bookmaker system。Implement good health、Elderly Care、Preferential 188bet best bookmaker policies for domestic service industries such as housekeeping。Further enhance the supporting role of finance in promoting consumption，Encourage innovation in consumer finance，Standardize the development of consumer credit，Grasp the relationship between maintaining a reasonable leverage level of residents and reasonable growth of consumer credit。Encourage insurance companies to ensure risks are controllable，Provide financing and credit enhancement support for consumer credit。increase culture、Travel、Sports、Health、Elderly Care、Strength of implementation of land use policies in domestic services and other fields。

Among them，Specially talked about “promoting consumption tax legislation”。The consumption tax legislation will solve the current high ticket problem to a certain extent，More efforts will be made by local governments to develop the 188bet best bookmaker industry。Predictable，188bet best bookmaker will play an increasingly important role in China’s social and economic development。

*188bet best bookmaker article188bet best bookmaker：WeChat 188bet best bookmakerNo."188bet best bookmaker Journal" (ID: LYXK_TT)，Author: Bao Jigang，Original title: "Opinions and Debates?——The issue of regional differences in 188bet best bookmaker》.