Recently，At the National Forestry and Grassland Working Conference，Zhang Yongli, Deputy Director of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration said，Our country will fully complete the 188bet online casino games pilot tasks in 2020，Promote the establishment of a centralized and unified 188bet online casino games management system，And formally established a number of national parks。

Why build a 188bet online casino games

1872，The United States established the world’s first 188bet online casino games—Yellowstone Park。

Because the 188bet online casino games has better handled the relationship between natural ecological environment protection and resource development and utilization，So many countries began to follow the model of Yellowstone 188bet online casino games，They have established their own national parks。

Currently，More than 100 countries around the world have implemented the 188bet online casino games system。According to data from the World Conservation Union (IUCN)，In 2006, there were 6555 national parks in the world that met its standards。

Our country has currently established nature reserves、Scenic Area、Natural and cultural heritage、Forest 188bet online casino games、Geological parks and other types of protected areas，Basically covers most of my country’s important natural ecosystems and natural heritage resources。

But at the same time，We also saw it，The following problems exist in the construction and 188bet online casino games of existing nature reserves:

The same nature reserve department is split、Multiple 188bet online casino games、Fragmentation，

The attributes of social welfare and public 188bet online casino games responsibilities are not clear enough,

The property rights of land and related resources are unclear,

Protection 188bet online casino games efficiency is not high，Blind construction and over-development happen from time to time。

What kind of 188bet online casino games should we build

The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s definition of 188bet online casino games parks: “large areas of natural or near-natural areas，To protect large-scale ecological processes and the species and ecosystem characteristics of this area，While providing a spirit that is compatible with its environment and culture、Scientific、Educational、Recreational and recreational opportunities”。

Office of the CPC Central Committee、The "Overall Plan for Establishing a 188bet online casino games System" issued by the State Council clearly stated，

188bet online casino games parks are “established and managed with the approval of the state，Clear boundary，The main purpose is to protect large-scale natural ecosystems that are nationally representative，Specific land or sea area to achieve scientific protection and rational utilization of natural resources"。

What are the functions of 188bet online casino games parks，Zhu Chunquan, Chief Representative of the World Conservation Union in China said，The main functions of 188bet online casino games parks should be positioned as:

First, through strict protection of large areas of natural and close-to-natural land and sea areas with high conservation value，Protecting 188bet online casino games and associated species and ecosystem characteristics；

The second is on the premise of strictly protecting the core 188bet online casino games and scientifically controlling the use and number of visitors，Restricted scientific research、Environmental education and leisure activities，So that the current generation and future generations can gain natural enlightenment、Opportunities for leisure and spiritual enjoyment；

The third is to optimize and improve China’s natural protected area system、Improving the management system of nature reserves，Clearly delineate ecological red lines、Guarantee 188bet online casino games ecological security，Provide support for achieving sustainable development；

The fourth is to provide employment for surrounding communities、Opportunities for participation and development。

Construction status of 188bet online casino games parks in China

In recent years，Party Central Committee、The State Council attaches great importance to the construction of the 188bet online casino games system。

End of 2013，The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed the establishment of a 188bet online casino games system。

2017，The 19th 188bet online casino games Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a natural protection area system with 188bet online casino games parks as the main body。

2019，The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made arrangements for improving the 188bet online casino games protection system，Clearly calls for “building a natural protected area system with national parks as the main body，Improving the 188bet online casino games protection system”。

What are the criteria for a 188bet online casino games?

Yang Rui, Dean of the 188bet online casino games Research Institute of Tsinghua University said，The standards for the establishment of China’s national parks are currently being drafted，Four first-level indicators determined，National representation、Authenticity、Completeness and Suitability。

And 10 secondary indicators，Representative of ecosystem types、Species richness、Uniqueness of natural landscape、Wildness、Naturality、Element、188bet online casino games、Land ownership、Population density and conservation management。

June 2015，my country has launched a pilot project for the 188bet online casino games system。

As of now，There are 10 188bet online casino games system pilot projects in my country，They are the source of the three rivers、Amur tiger and leopard、Giant Panda、Qilian Mountain、Hainan Tropical Rainforest、Shennongjia、Wuyishan、Qianjiangyuan、Nanshan、Pudacuo。

Time for each 188bet online casino games system pilot to be approved

“The key to piloting the 188bet online casino games system is to test the ‘system’.”

Said Tang Xiaoping, deputy director of the 188bet online casino games Management Office of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration。

National level，2018，The National Forestry and Grassland Administration was established and the 188bet online casino games Administration brand was added，Realized unified management of national parks and nature reserves。

Local， Sanjiangyuan、Shennongjia、Wuyishan、Nanshan、Qianjiangyuan、The 188bet online casino games Administration or Management Committee has been established in pilot areas such as Northeast Tiger and Leopard，For various original protected area organizations、Preparation was integrated，Realize "a protected area、A brand、A governing body”。

Three management models have been formed: the centrally managed model represented by the Northeast Tiger and Leopard 188bet online casino games，The joint management model between the central and provincial governments represented by the Giant Panda and Qilian Mountain 188bet online casino games，The central government entrusts provincial government management model represented by Sanjiangyuan and Hainan Tropical Rainforest 188bet online casino games。

Building an institutional guarantee 188bet online casino games

2017，Qinghai Province promulgated the "Regulations on Sanjiangyuan 188bet online casino games (Trial)"，Completed the "Sanjiangyuan 188bet online casino games Master Plan"，The scientific research popularization of Sanjiangyuan 188bet online casino games was formulated and issued、Public welfare positions for ecological management and protection、Franchise、Budget Management、Project Investment、Social donation、Volunteer Management、Visitor Management、International cooperation and exchange、10 management measures including grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policy implementation plan，Formation of “1+N” institutional system。

Same year，Hubei issued the "Shennongjia 188bet online casino games Management Regulations"，Divide functional areas to implement hierarchical and classified protection，Strictly prohibit all development and construction and human interference activities in protected areas and ecological conservation areas。

Fujian Province promulgated the "Wuyishan 188bet online casino games Regulations (Trial)"，Make it clear that Wuyishan 188bet online casino games management agencies implement relatively centralized exercise of administrative penalty power，Perform comprehensive law enforcement duties on resources and environment within the 188bet online casino games。

2018，Zhejiang Province formulates and implements the "Measures for the Management of Landscapes, Forests, Fields and Rivers in Qianjiangyuan 188bet online casino games"，Establishment of Environmental Resources Circuit Court，Carry out exit audit of natural resource assets of township leading cadres。

Protecting the 188bet online casino games environment

The Giant Panda 188bet online casino games pilot area integrates 81 nature reserves in 3 provinces。

The Northeast Tiger and Leopard 188bet online casino games pilot area connects multiple nature reserve types into one large area，Stabilize the wild Amur tiger and leopard population，The scope of activities continues to expand，10 new tiger cubs discovered、6 cubs。

The pilot area of ​​Hainan Tropical Rainforest 188bet online casino games restored more than 2,000 acres of Hainan gibbon habitat，Hainan gibbon population gradually increases，From 7-9 individuals in the late 1970s，Currently 4 groups of 30 animals。

Through ecological protection，Sanjiangyuan 188bet online casino games Pilot Area，The average increase in water conservation is more than 6%，Grassland coverage increased by more than 11%，Grass production increased by more than 30%。

144 mining rights have been withdrawn in the Qilian Mountain pilot area，Zhangye and Wuwei cities have achieved the relocation of all herders in the core area of ​​the 188bet online casino games。Wuyishan pilot area rectifies 7,300 acres of illegal tea mountains，Complete ecological restoration of 6,500 acres，Demolish 39 illegal constructions。

The number of wild animals in the pilot 188bet online casino games has increased，The ecological environment has been improved。

Establish a community co-construction and sharing mechanism

Pudacuo pilot area passed targeted assistance、Industrial transfer、Community co-management、Incorporate Aboriginal people into the overall planning of 188bet online casino games parks through prioritizing employment and other methods；

At the same time，According to a certain 188bet online casino games community benefit compensation contract every 5 years，Provide part of the funds from tourism revenue，Specially used for direct economic compensation for park communities。

Establishment of ecological management and protection public welfare posts in Sanjiangyuan pilot 188bet online casino games，Hire 1.720,000 ecological management and conservation workers are working with certificates。

Wuyishan pilot 188bet online casino games is aimed at the large 188bet online casino games of ​​tea mountains in the pilot 188bet online casino games、Wide distribution，The tea industry is the main industry of the villagers in the 188bet online casino games，Through the "company + base + farmer" form，Establish an interest linkage mechanism with farmers。

What other problems exist

Through long-term efforts，my country’s 188bet online casino games system pilot has achieved certain results，But the following problems still exist。

Cognitive biases still exist

188bet online casino games parks are a new thing in our country，In process of creation，Existential understanding、Different views on operation，There are some misunderstandings, especially at the local level，Influence the promotion and implementation of institutional reform。

Some local governments regard 188bet online casino games parks as “money-attracting” signs，As a result, the intensity of development and construction increased instead of falling after the implementation of the pilot。

Remote sensing monitoring discovery by the Ministry of Environmental Protection Satellite Center，There is a trend of expansion of development and construction activities in some 188bet online casino games areas during the 188bet online casino games period。

Some pilot areas place too much emphasis on the construction of basic and public service facilities，Planning to carry out transportation in the 188bet online casino games、Water Conservancy、Electricity、Communication、Education、Construction of health and other basic and public service facilities，Causing damage to the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem in the pilot area。

Some opinions believe that 188bet online casino games parks are absolutely forbidden areas，No exploitation activities allowed，Ignoring the fact that there are still a large number of communities in the pilot area，Also ignores the concept of “public welfare” construction of 188bet online casino games parks，Thus causing some social conflicts。

Lack of specialized laws and regulations

Zhu Chunquan, Chief Representative 188bet online casino games World Conservation Union (IUCN) in China said，

Currently，China’s current laws and regulations involving nature reserves were all formulated in the 1980s and 1990s，Unable to reflect current conservation and development priorities and actual management needs，Existing laws and regulations are far from meeting the requirements of 188bet online casino games system construction。

Huang Baorong, associate researcher at the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting, Chinese Academy of Sciences、Wang Yi and others pointed out，Nature reserves are currently the largest type of protected areas in my country，As the most important legal basis for the management of nature reserves in my country，Some binding or restrictive provisions in the "Nature Reserve Regulations" are no longer suitable for practical needs，On the contrary, it will cause certain constraints on the systematic integration of various protected area management systems in the 188bet online casino games pilot area。

A diversified capital investment mechanism has not yet been formed

The "Overall Plan for Establishing a 188bet online casino games System" was proposed，National parks insist on state ownership，Established and managed by the state。And clearly stated，When conditions are ripe，Transition to a state where ownership of resources in national parks is owned by the entire population and is directly exercised by the central government。

But according to previous interviews，Su Yang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council said，Under this pilot，There is no special fund subsidy from the 188bet online casino games finance。“Without special fund support，Let the reforms led by provincial local governments be implemented directly in one step to reflect the public welfare of the whole people，The local government is not only unwilling but also powerless。”

188bet online casino games areas at all levels carry out collective land redemption and leasing、Enterprise exit、Tasks such as ecological migration require large amounts of funds，Public funding problems。

Taking the pilot project of Qianjiangyuan 188bet online casino games as an example，The pilot area covers an area of ​​approximately 252 square kilometers，There are 69% of collective forest land，The funds required for full nationalization are relatively large。

*Source of this article: 188bet online casino games "China Economic Culture Industry" (ID: cewenhua)，Author: Authoritative and professional with attitude，Original title: "2020, 188bet online casino games parks are coming!》.